4D Printing based piezoelectric composite for medical applications

Additive manufacturing (AM), otherwise known as three‐dimensional (3D) printing, is driving major innovations in many areas, such as engineering, manufacturing, art, education, and medicine. Although a considerable amount of progress has been made in this field, additional research work is required to overcome various remaining challenges. Recently, one of the actively researched areas lies in the AM of smart materials and structures. Electroactive materials incorporated in 3D printing have given birth to 4D printing, where 3D printed structures can perform as actuating and/or sensing systems, making it possible to deliver electrical signals under external mechanical stimuli and vice versa. In this paper, we present a lightweight, low cost piezoelectric material based on the dispersion of inorganic ferroelectric submicron particles in a polymer matrix. We report on how the proposed material is compatible with the AM process. Finally, we discuss its potential applications for healthcare, especially in smart implants prostheses. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019 , 57, 109–115     

增材制造金属反射镜的发展综述

随着光学测量与遥感领域的不断发展,折反式光学系统对重量、体积和环境适应性等需求不断提高。基于增材制造技术的金属反射镜以其便于实现优化设计、快速制造和加工工艺性好等优点,逐渐获得国内外学者的关注与研究。与传统金属反射镜相比,增材制造金属反射镜可以提高反射镜的结构刚度,同时可实现更高程度的轻量化。增材制造反射镜可以满足光学系统对环境适应性和快速性的需求。本文首先讨论了金属反射镜的评价指标;其次,综述了国内外在基于增材制造技术制备金属反射镜领域的发展现状和技术参数,从增材制造金属反射镜的基体设计与制备和基体的后处理2个方面展开论述;然后,通过分析,总结了增材制造金属反射镜的技术路线和关键技术;最后,对增材制造反射镜的应用前景提出了展望。     

Polymer 4D printing: Advanced shape-change and beyond

4D printing is an exciting branch of additive manufacturing. It relies on established 3D printing techniques to fabricate objects in much the same way. However, structures which fall into the 4D printed category have the ability to change with time, hence the “extra dimension.” The common perception of 4D printed objects is that of macroscopic single-material structures limited to point-to-point shape change only, in response to either heat or water. However, in the area of polymer 4D printing, recent advancements challenge this understanding. A host of new polymeric materials have been designed which display a variety of wonderful effects brought about by unconventional stimuli, and advanced additive manufacturing techniques have been developed to accommodate them. As a result, the horizons of polymer 4D printing have been broadened beyond what was initially thought possible. In this review, we showcase the many studies which evolve the very definition of polymer 4D printing, and reveal emerging areas of research integral to its advancement.     

碱性电解液中K3[Fe(CN)6]在锌阳极上的自发还原和吸附延长锌镍电池的循环寿命

In view of the continuously worsening environmental problems, fossil fuels will not be able to support the development of human life in the future. Hence, it is of great importance to work on the efficient utilization of cleaner energy resources. In this case, cheap, reliable, and eco-friendly grid-scale energy storage systems can play a key role in optimizing our energy usage. When compared with lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries, the excellent safety, environmental benignity, and low toxicity of aqueous Zn-based batteries make them competitive in the context of large-scale energy storage. Among the various Zn-based batteries, due to a high open-circuit voltage and excellent rate performance, Zn-Ni batteries have great potential in practical applications. Nevertheless, the intrinsic obstacles associated with the use of Zn anodes in alkaline electrolytes, such as dendrite, shape change, passivation, and corrosion, limit their commercial application. Hence, we have focused our current efforts on inhibiting the corrosion and dissolution of Zn species. Based on a previous study from our research group, the failure of the Zn-Ni battery was caused by the shape change of the Zn anode, which stemmed from the dissolution of Zn and uneven current distribution on the anode. Therefore, for the current study, we selected K₃[Fe(CN)₆] as an electrolyte additive that would help minimize the corrosion and dissolution of the Zn anode. In the alkaline electrolyte, [Fe(CN)₆]^3– was reduced to [Fe(CN)₆]^4– by the metallic Zn present in the Zn-Ni battery. Owing to its low solubility in the electrolyte, K₄[Fe(CN)₆] adhered to the active Zn anode, thereby inhibiting the aggregation and corrosion of Zn. Ultimately, the shape change of the anode was effectively eliminated, which improved the cycling life of the Zn-Ni battery by more than three times (i.e., from 124 cycles to more than 423 cycles). As for capacity retention, the Zn-Ni battery with the pristine electrolyte only exhibited 40% capacity retention after 85 cycles, while the Zn-Ni battery with the modified electrolyte (i.e., containing K₃[Fe(CN)₆]) showed 72% capacity retention. Moreover, unlike conventional organic additives that increase electrode polarization, the addition of K₃[Fe(CN)₆] not only significantly reduced the charge-transfer resistance in a simplified three-electrode system, but also improved the discharge capacity and rate performance of the Zn-Ni battery. Importantly, considering that this strategy was easy to achieve and minimized additional costs, K₃[Fe(CN)₆], as an electrolyte additive with almost no negative effect, has tremendous potential in commercial Zn-Ni batteries.     

电解铜箔表面电沉积Zn-Ni-P-La合金工艺

为了缓解我国高性能铜箔依靠进口的局面,进行了将类金属(P)和稀土金属(La)引入电解铜箔锌镍合金镀层中以获得高耐腐蚀性铜箔的实验。 利用电子能谱(XPS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等技术手段分析镀层质量。 在最佳工艺下获得非晶态Zn-Ni-P-La合金镀层,镀层表面平整均匀、结晶致密,未钝化的情况下,铜箔镀件在180 ℃烘箱中保持1 h不变色,表现出较理想的抗氧化和抗腐蚀能力。 表明镀层中适量的P和稀土La对改善镀层质量有着重要的作用,具有较好的工业应用前景。     

对称季铵碱的烷基链长度对草酸电还原反应的影响

研究了四种不同烷基链长度的对称季铵碱对草酸电还原制备乙醛酸反应的影响。线性扫描测试考察了添加剂对铅电极上阴极反应的影响,结果表明对称季铵碱在电极表面的吸附对析氢反应的抑制程度大于其对草酸电还原反应的抑制程度,且随着对称季铵碱中烷基链长度的增加,添加剂抑制析氢反应效果更明显。计时安培法的结果证明添加剂可影响草酸向电极表面的扩散,随着对称季铵碱中烷基链长度的增加,草酸的扩散系数呈现出先增加后减小的趋势。恒流电解实验结果表明,添加剂能有效提高草酸电还原反应的电流效率,且提高效果随对称季铵碱所含烷基链长度的增加而增强。因此,添加剂的吸附对阴极表面析氢反应的抑制作用是草酸电还原反应电流效率提高的主要原因。本研究表明,四丁基氢氧化铵为添加剂时,草酸还原为乙醛酸的电流效率最高。     

碳酸酯类电解液中Mg(NO3)2添加剂抑制锂枝晶生长的研究

在锂-硫化聚丙烯腈电池体系中,负极锂枝晶的形成和生长严重恶化了电池充放电性能,并给电池带来了安全隐患。而在更有利于稳定正极硫化聚丙烯腈材料的碳酸酯类电解液中,锂枝晶生长尤为严重。本文通过将硝酸镁添加到碳酸酯类电解液中,研究硝酸根和镁离子对锂金属表面改性的共同作用。实验数据发现,在硝酸根和镁离子共同作用下,锂枝晶生长被有效抑制。当硝酸镁浓度为100 mmol·L^-1时,锂铜半电池的库仑效率明显提高,并显著改善了锂-硫化聚丙烯腈电池的循环性能。300次循环后容量保持率为71%,远高于硝酸锂的61%和无添加剂的50%。     

Synthesis of linseed oil based biodegradable homo and copolymers: role as multifunctional greener additives in lube oil

Abstract

Homopolymer of linseed oil and its four copolymers with styrene, 1-decene, isodecyl acrylate and octyl acrylate, respectively, have been synthesized in this present context. The prepared polymers are characterized by NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The molecular weights have been measured by gel permeation chromatography. Their effectiveness as pour point depressant (PPD), viscosity index improver (VII) and their shear stability in terms of permanent shear stability index have been evaluated in lube oil. The copolymers acted as better PPDs than the homopolymer whereas the homopolymer of linseed oil excelled as VII. Further it was observed that all the prepared polymers were stable enough under severe mechanical shear.